2.   MOUNTING OF PIEZOELECTRIC ACTUATORS

• Bare stacks: Only the axial motion of stacks is used. Mounting of bare stacks has to be done only by the front/end faces. Clamping of bare stacks by the circumference potentially damages electrodes, insulation and ceramics, and has therefore to be strictly avoided. Stacks with casing: they can be mounted either by the bottom pieces or by clamping at its circumference. The end near the electrical wiring is normally used as fixed end(base).
• Shear forces acting on the moving top of stacks have to be avoided, because it deteriorates the motion, or, in case of excess forces, the stack will be damaged. When shear forces cannot be avoided, the overall force direction has to be held nearly axially within the stack by sufficiently high prestress.
• A point contact for force transfer (e.g. by ball contact) to the stack end faces has to be adjusted to the center of the face plates. (fig.4a)
• Any coupling between mechanical parts and a PZT-stack should only transfer purely axial forces avoiding any bending/tilting/shear forces, e.g. this is done by combining a (central) ball tip with a plane endface.(fig.4a)
  Coupling by a plane-plane contact is only allowed, when a free orientation of one of the components is possible (fig.4b). Any misalignment between the contact planes leads to local mechanical overstress at the stacks edges (fig.4c).

   | Classification of piezoelectric stacks | Mounting of Piezoelectric actuators |
| Operating Performance of Piezoelectric actuators |
| Notes on Technical Data | Selection Guide | Custom Designed Actuators | Safety Instructions |

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